Exploring bacterial dark matter: The case of Omnitrophota

Image by NASA - https://web.archive.org/web/20051218192636/http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/marsmets/alh84001/ALH84001-EM1.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=229231

 

Bacteria are everywhere and they play a big role in almost every facet of life on Earth. Despite their abundance, surprisingly little is known about many microorganisms that have existed for billions of years.

 

This includes an entire lineage of nano-sized bacteria of the phyla Omnitrophota. These organisms, first discovered based on short fragments of DNA 25 years ago, are common in many environments around the world. Yet they have been poorly understood.

 

An international research team produced the first large-scale analysis of more than 400 newly sequenced and existing Omnitrophota genomes, uncovering new details about their biology and behaviour. 

 

 

The complexity with Omnitrophota is that they're still largely considered microbial dark matter, which means they exist in nature but they cannot yet be cultivated as single species in laboratory studies. Just two species have been microscopically observed to date.

 

Omnitrophota have been identified in global anoxic environments, including (but not limited to) organic-carbon-rich lakes. Using 24 metagenome-assembled genomes, novel lineages and novel metabolic traits have been identified.

 

The first species to be identified was Candidatus Omnitrophus magneticus SKK-01 was described as a large, ovoid putatively free-living magnetic bacterium containing sulphur inclusions.

 

To present a comprehensive picture of their biology, scientists compared 349 existing and 72 newly mapped genomes of Omnitrophota. This included a review of publicly available data and new samples collected from geothermal environments, freshwater lakes, wastewater, groundwater, and springs located around the world.

 

The team observed that, in most cases, Omnitrophota measure less than 450 nanometers, which places them among the smallest of all known organisms. The bacterium also displayed genetic markers consistent with symbiosis - possibly as predators or parasites of other microorganisms - which suggested they would have high metabolic rates.

 

The more researchers learn about their energy conservation pathways and possible lifestyles, the closer they will get to the goal of cultivating them in the lab and bringing them into ‘the light’.

 

The presence of nanobacteria is of potential concern. The pharmaceutical industry is urged to look for nanobacteria, and to invest in their elimination; vaccines, blood, and blood derivates should be guaranteed nanobacterium-free.

 

The research appears in the journal Nature Microbiology, titled “Hyperactive nanobacteria with host-dependent traits pervade Omnitrophota.”

 

Posted by Dr. Tim Sandle, Pharmaceutical Microbiology Resources (http://www.pharmamicroresources.com/)

Expanding equitable access to quality rapid TB testing to underserved populations

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (the Global Fund), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Stop TB Partnership announced a new collaboration today with Molbio Diagnostics that significantly reduces the price of the Truenat MTB and MTB Plus tests, including a supply of MTB-RIF Dx tests for subsequent testing for rifampicin resistance, and ensures timely service and maintenance of diagnostic instruments. This collaboration will expand equitable access to quality rapid testing to underserved populations across all countries supported by the Global Fund, USAID and the Stop TB Partnership.

Although rapid molecular tuberculosis (TB) tests are endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the standard of care, less than 40% of people in need of TB testing in 2021 had access to a rapid molecular diagnostic test. Major barriers in expanding access to testing include high operating costs, infrastructure challenges and inefficient executions. This significant gap in access to rapid molecular testing for TB and drug resistance stands as one of the largest shortfalls in the global TB response today.

In 2020, WHO endorsed three of Molbio Diagnostics’ rapid molecular Truenat assays (Truenat MTB, MTB Plus and MTB-RIF Dx) for the initial diagnosis of TB and subsequent detection of rifampicin resistance in adults and children with signs and symptoms of pulmonary TB. With the WHO recommendation, Molbio Diagnostics is positioned as a welcomed new key player to fight TB worldwide.

As part of this collaboration, the Global Fund and the Stop TB Partnership will sign new deals with Molbio Diagnostics to: Provide Truenat MTB, MTB Plus and MTB-RIF Dx tests at the reduced price in all countries supported by the Global Fund, Stop TB Partnership and USAID.
Reinforce commitment to service and maintenance by providing a global standard service level agreement with defined key performance indicators. 

 

 

Extend similar pricing to public and private sector buyers, where terms are applicable. USAID, in collaboration with ministries of health and partners, will continue to provide critical guidance and best practices on the introduction and scale-up of the Truenat system in a range of high TB burden settings to increase access through network development, health care worker training, quality assurance monitoring and support.

Welcoming this news, Executive Director of the Global Fund Peter Sands said, “We are delighted to partner with Molbio Diagnostics. They play a crucial role in meeting the need for improved diagnostic solutions and technologies. We look forward to making these TB products more affordable and accessible in the countries where we invest.”

“USAID is committed to creating a TB-free world, and that starts with expanding access to critical diagnostic testing to reach every person with TB," said Dr. Atul Gawande, USAID's Assistant Administrator for Global Health. "This new technology will allow countries to expand rapid TB diagnostic testing to more rural, hard-to-reach populations at the primary care level –and at a significantly lower cost than current testing options.”

“This is a historical moment,” said Dr. Lucica Ditiu, Executive Director of the Stop TB Partnership. “For the first time ever, we have a rapid molecular test for TB and rifampicin resistance that is less than US$8 per test, more than 20% lower than what is currently available on the market for these types of tests. We also have an amazing ‘package of services’ offered by Molbio, and a commitment to offer low prices for private sector providers. We are thrilled by this collaboration with a company from the highest TB burden country that fully understands the need for securing access to a rapid molecular diagnosis for everyone in need. I hope we all feel now even more comfortable saying ‘Yes! We can end TB.’”


About the Stop TB Partnership 

The Stop TB Partnership brings together expertise from a broad spectrum of country, regional, and global partners in our shared mission to revolutionize the TB space and end TB by 2030. Founded in 2001, the Stop TB Partnership is a United Nations-hosted organization that takes bold and smart risks to serve the needs and amplify the voices of the people, communities, and countries affected by TB. We work to advocate, catalyze, and facilitate sustained coordination and collaboration among partners; to support the development, replication, and scale-up of innovative approaches and tools; and to facilitate equitable access to TB diagnostics, treatment, and care for all in need, including through our Global Drug Facility (GDF), the largest pooled procurement mechanism for TB medicines and diagnostics. The Stop TB Partnership Secretariat is hosted and administered by UNOPS.

Information on the work of the Stop TB Partnership is available at www.stoptb.org
Follow the Global Fund on Twitter: http://twitter.com/StopTB
Join the Global Fund on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/StopTBPartnership
 

Pharmaceutical Microbiology Resources (http://www.pharmamicroresources.com/)

Recommended Exercises for Adults on Prescription Medications

 Exercise man - Image by Tim Sandle

Exercising is an important part of creating a healthy lifestyle and taking control of individual well-being. Prescription medications, however, may limit the type of physical activity a person can safely engage in. Thankfully, plenty of low-impact exercises are suitable for adults taking prescription medications.

 

By Brittany Cotton

 

Knowing the types of exercises for this population helps them maintain a healthy lifestyle without compromising their safety. Low-impact exercises for adults taking prescription medications should focus on a range of motion, flexibility, strengthening, and endurance. Exercises should be tailored to an individual's needs and approved by their doctor. Examples include aquatic therapy, yoga, Pilates, tai chi, walking, biking, and swimming.

 

As with any exercise program, it's important to get approval from a healthcare provider and to make sure that the intensity of the activity is right for the individual. This article looks at the best exercises for adults taking prescription medications and how to stay safe while exercising.

 

Best Exercises For Adults On Prescription Medications

 

1. Aquatic Therapy

 

Aquatic therapy is an effective way for adults who exercise without risk of injury on prescription medications. It utilizes the buoyancy and resistance of water to strengthen muscles, increase flexibility, improve balance and coordination, and reduce stress. Aquatic therapy can also help reduce pain, swelling, and muscle spasms. With the help of a physical therapist, it is a safe and effective way to start a fitness routine while taking medication.

 

2. Yoga

 

Yoga combines physical poses, breathing practices, and meditation, an ancient form of exercise that promotes physical and mental balance. It can be gentle and restorative or as intense as you desire; it is suitable for all levels. It helps with strength, balance, and flexibility while improving stress and anxiety levels. Regular practice can reduce joint pain and the risk of diabetes, lower high blood pressure, and promote general health and well-being.

 

3. Pilates

 

Pilates is a low-impact exercise method designed to stretch, strengthen and balance the body. It focuses on developing core strength, body alignment, and posture while improving flexibility and coordination. Pilates is typically performed on a mat or special Pilate’s equipment, such as reformers, and can be adapted to all levels of fitness and abilities. It can help reduce stress, improve breathing, and boost energy to improve overall health.

 

4. Walking

 

Walking is an excellent low-impact exercise and a great way to stay active while on prescription medications. It can help improve your overall physical and mental health and reduce any side effects associated with medications. The low-impact nature of walking can also provide much-needed stress relief.

 

You can do it almost anywhere, and you don't need any special equipment. Start slowly and gradually increase the distance and intensity to get the most benefit. Make sure to follow your doctor's recommendations regarding activity if you are on certain medications.

 

5. Swimming

 

Swimming is an excellent aerobic exercise that provides the body with a total body workout with minimal impact on the joints. It has a low risk of injury, and due to the activity's low-impact nature, it is suitable for individuals taking many kinds of prescription medications. Swimming is also ideal because it can be tailored to various ability levels, allowing individuals to exercise at their own pace. Additionally, swimming requires no special equipment and can be done in any pool or body of water.

 

6. Biking

 

Biking is a great exercise option for adults on prescription medications. Cycling is low-impact and can be done anywhere, making it suitable for any fitness level. It's easy to gauge how much effort you need to put in to get a good workout, and you can burn up to 500 calories an hour. Biking is also great for overall cardiovascular health and increases agility and balance. If you're unsure before starting, find a safe area and get tips from a professional before cycling.

 

What Do Pharmacists Recommend As Far As Exercises?

 

Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to advise patients about physical activity levels due to their knowledge about medications, side effects, and overall health status. As such, pharmacists may recommend exercises based on a person's medication regimen, physical condition, and lifestyle habits. For instance, a pharmacist may suggest low-impact exercises such as walking, swimming, biking, and yoga to help improve fitness levels and promote general health and well-being.

 

Pharmacists may also suggest exercises to manage chronic conditions, such as tai chi or Pilates, to help with joint pain or balance issues. Additionally, pharmacists can advise on the proper use of nutritional supplements to help maximize the benefits of exercise or provide referrals to dietitians for further advice. Most importantly, pharmacists should remind patients to consult their healthcare provider on safe exercises before starting any exercise program.

 

High-Intensity Interval Training: Which Patients Are Best Suited?

 

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is typically reserved for adults who are relatively healthy and have no existing cardiovascular or metabolic diseases. Patients taking prescription medications should consult a doctor before beginning HIIT to ensure exercise intensity is safe for them. HIIT involves alternating bursts of high-intensity exercise with low-intensity exercise and is normally more intense than steady-state exercise such as jogging.

 

Therefore, for adults taking prescription medications, HIIT may be safest if done under a doctor's or physical therapist's supervision. Before starting a HIIT program, adults should understand their health and exercise history to ensure safety and effectiveness.

 

The Dosage Of Exercise

With doctor-approved exercise programs and care, adults taking prescription medications should exercise in moderation. It is important to start slowly and build up the amount and intensity of exercise over time. Warm-up exercises before any physical activity can help prevent muscle injuries. Light aerobic exercises such as walking, swimming, slow jogging, and cycling are safe for most adults taking medications and can help improve overall strength and endurance.

 

Strength-training exercises with light- to moderate-weight workouts can help develop muscle strength and flexibility. Stretching exercises help loosen tight muscles and increase range-of-motion. Balance and agility exercises can also help improve coordination and increase reaction speeds.

 

Yoga, Pilates, and Tai Chi are all low-impact activities that can also be beneficial. Always remember to gradually increase the intensity or duration of exercises as comfort levels allow and follow up with a cool-down to reduce the risk of injury.

 

The Science Behind Health Benefits Of Exercise

 

1. Exercise Controls Weight

 

Exercise helps to maintain a healthy weight by burning calories, reducing body fat, and increasing muscle mass. Exercise also increases the body's metabolic rate, resulting in more calories burned throughout the day. Additionally, exercise helps to keep hunger hormones balanced, preventing overeating and cravings. Overall, exercise helps to sustain a healthy weight by burning excess calories and regulating hunger hormones.

 

2. Exercise Combats Health Conditions And Diseases

 

Exercise is known to have a wide range of positive effects on physical and mental health. By helping to maintain a healthy weight, regular physical activity can reduce the risk of developing heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer, and high blood pressure.

 

Exercise also improves mental health by decreasing stress, improving mood, and increasing self-esteem. It can also help reduce the risk of depression and cognitive decline. Regular exercisers can also benefit from improved sleeping and energy levels, a stronger immune system, and better joint and muscle function.

 

3. Exercise Improves Mood

 

Exercise has been proven to have positive psychological benefits, especially for those experiencing depression, stress, and anxiety. Physical activity produces hormones such as serotonin and endorphins, which help to create a feeling of well-being and calm.

 

Regular exercise can also be effective in helping to improve sleep quality and reduce tension. Exercise can also lead to improved self-confidence, as physical activity can effectively achieve goals and strengthen personal relationships. Additionally, physical activity provides an outlet for stress relief and can lead to feeling more positive and energized.

 

4. Exercise Boosts Energy

 

Exercise is a great way to boost energy levels. Regular physical activity can increase energy levels, reduce fatigue, and improve alertness. Exercise can also boost your energy by releasing endorphins and other positive hormones. Additionally, exercise strengthens your cardiovascular and respiratory systems, which in turn can help to give you more energy for the day.

 

5. Exercise promotes better sleep

 

Exercise has various known benefits; one of the main ones is that it helps promote better sleep. Exercise makes the body more physically tired and can reduce stress, key factors in achieving restful sleep. Regular exercise throughout the day also helps regulate sleep cycles, leading the body to fall asleep at night. Exercise can also reduce the time it takes to fall asleep, leading to better quality sleep and fewer sleep disruptions.

 

6. Exercise Puts The Spark Back Into Your Sex Life

 

Exercise can reinvigorate your sex life by reducing stress, decreasing anxiety, and boosting your energy and stamina. By increasing the sensation of physical pleasure and promoting relaxation, improved physical conditioning can lead to a better overall sexual experience. Plus, strong pelvic floor muscles achieved through exercise can create increased pleasure during sex. So not only will regular exercise help you stay fit and healthy, but it can increase your libido and make your sex life more stimulating.

 

7. Exercise Can Be Fun And Social

 

Exercising doesn't have to be a lonely activity. You can get together with friends and family and get active together. Group exercise classes, such as Zumba, yoga, and spin classes, are a great way to have fun, stay motivated, and make exercise a social event. There are also games like tennis and racquetball which can be enjoyed with partners. With any exercise, you can turn it into an enjoyable group activity.

 

Strategies To Reduce Risk During Exercise

 

1. Discuss With Your Physician

 

Having an open and honest conversation with your doctor before beginning any exercise regimen is crucial. Your doctor will be able to evaluate your current health status, discuss any potential interactions between your medications and your desired activity, and adjust your dose of medications as necessary. Your doctor can also guide you about any particular safety concerns based on your medical history. This will ensure that your exercise routine is effective and safe.

 

2. Monitor Your Response To Exercise

 

It is important for adults taking prescription medications to monitor their response to exercise, as medications can affect how the body responds to physical activity. Monitor physical, mental, and emotional responses to exercise and be alert for potential signs of dizziness, fatigue, nausea, chest pains, visual disturbances, irregular heart rate or breathing, and unexpected increase in body temperature. If these signs occur, stop the exercise and talk to your doctor.

 

3. Start With Low-Impact Activities

 

Low-impact activities can be extremely beneficial for those taking medications. Some low-impact activities include walking, yoga, light weightlifting, Pilates, and swimming. These low-impact activities are great options as they reduce the risk of injury while providing exercise benefits.

 

Furthermore, they can be tailored to whatever level the individual is comfortable with and can be modified to increase intensity over time. Low-impact activities can be great components of a diverse and regular exercise routine that mitigates the risk of engaging in more strenuous activities.

 

4. Be Aware Of Dehydration And Heat Exhaustion Signs

 

Dehydration and heat exhaustion can occur when exercising in hot and humid conditions. Signs that you may be dehydrated or overheated include body temperatures greater than 103 F (39.4 C), confusion, dizziness, fainting, rapid heartbeat, excessive sweating, headache, nausea, pale or ashen skin, and little or no urination. To prevent dehydration and heat exhaustion, drink plenty of fluids, take breaks from physical activity in a cool climate, and wear light, loose-fitting clothing.

 

5. Wear Sunscreen And Drink Plenty Of Water

 

Protecting yourself from the sun while exercising by wearing sunscreen and drinking plenty of water is important. Sunscreen can help protect your skin from the sun's UV rays, and dehydration can occur more quickly when exercising, so stay hydrated.

 

Avoid exercising outdoors during the hottest parts of the day and take frequent breaks when exercising in the sun. Wear light clothing to reduce heat stress and seek shade whenever possible. Lastly, seek medical advice to ensure you exercise while taking prescription medications.

 

6. Take It Slow

 

When starting a new exercise routine, taking it slow and gradually increasing intensity is important. Start low and slow, and take time to warm up before exercise and cool down afterward. Take rest days and don't push yourself too hard; if you experience pain or discomfort, stop the activity and consult a physician. Listen to your body; with time and dedication, you will eventually reach your goals.

 

7. Avoid Overtraining

 

Overtraining can cause fatigue and increase the risk of injury. Therefore, it is important to balance exercise and rest throughout your routine. Aim for no more than 4-5 times per week of intense exercise, and listen to your body to help you know when to rest. On rest days, do light stretching and basic movements to help keep your muscles in shape.

 

Pharmaceutical Microbiology Resources (http://www.pharmamicroresources.com/)